4.6 Costs

The capital expenditure (CAPEX) for intermittent sand filtration (ISF) can fluctuate, typically falling in the range of approximately 100 USD per cubic meter per day of treatment capacity, although this cost is significantly influenced by factors such as land and sand availability and their associated expenses. On the other hand, the operational expenditure (OPEX) is commonly estimated at around 3 USD per cubic meter per day of treatment capacity.